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Have you ever paused to wonder about the journey your food takes before it lands on your plate?

A bowl of salad, two pieces of toast, and a chocolate bar.

Image by Adeesha Hack via Canva

That salad you enjoyed for lunch, the bread you toasted for breakfast, or the chocolate you indulge in after a long day — each has a story that stretches far beyond the supermarket shelves.

Knowing how food ends up on your plate is essential. It allows for informed choices that can promote healthier diets, support ethical practices, and reduce environmental impact, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and transparent food system.

Stages of the Food System

The food system typically involves five key stages, each representing a critical part of the journey from production to consumption (some resources will document the stages differently, resulting in more or fewer stages).

Five stages of the food system: 1 production, 2 processing/manufacturing, 3 distribution, 4 consumption, 5 disposal. Image by Adeesha Hack via Genially

Each of these stages is interconnected, and decisions made at one stage can have significant effects on the others, influencing everything from food quality and safety to environmental sustainability and social equity.

To get an idea how of food moves through the food system, watch this 1:52 minute video: The Extraordinary Life of Strawberry.

Stage 1: Production

Five stages of the food system. Arrow is pointing to production. Image by Adeesha Hack via Genially

In the production stage, food is grown or raised. It includes farming, fishing, and livestock raising. This stage focuses on cultivating crops, raising animals, and harvesting natural resources. Factors like soil health, water use, and farming practices play a crucial role here.

In the sunset, a tractor pulls a baler, creating hay bales on a farm. Photo by Jed Owen on Unsplash

Did you know?

Climate change can impact farming and how we farm can impact climate change. Check out this Byte to find out more: How does climate change impact agriculture and vice versa?

Stage 2: Processing/Manufacturing

Five stages of the food system. Arrow is pointing to processing/manufacturing. Image by Adeesha Hack via Genially

In theprocessing/manufacturing stage, food is harvested, and/or raw food products are transformed into the food items we recognize. This stage includes cleaning, sorting, milling, preserving, packaging, and often, cooking or preparing foods to make them ready for distribution.

Processing can range from minimal (e.g., washing and packaging fresh produce) to extensive (e.g., making processed snacks or ready-to-eat meals).

An apple production facility. Apples are being sorted on machines by workers. Photo by Arno Senoner on Unsplash

Did you know?

To reduce food packaging waste, food companies are developing edible food packaging (yes, really!). Imagine eating your coffee cup or candy wrapper. Yum!

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Stage 3: Distribution

Five stages of the food system. An arrow is pointing to distribution. Image by Adeesha Hack via Genially

In the distribution stage, once food is processed, it needs to be transported from where it’s produced to where it’s consumed. This stage involves logistics, storage, and transportation, ensuring that food products reach markets, grocery stores, restaurants, and eventually, consumers.

Cold chains (systems to keep food products at a consistent/ low temperature), inventory management, and transportation networks are crucial here.

A truck with crates of fresh food in the back driving through an Italian city. Photo by Gabriella Clare Marino on Unsplash

Did you know?

"The average North American meal travels between 2,400 to 4,000 kilometres (1,500 to 2,500 miles) from farm to table."

Stage 4: Consumption

Five stages of the food system. Arrow is pointing to consumption. Image by Adeesha Hack via Genially

At the consumption stage, consumers finally interact with food. This is the stage where food is purchased, prepared, and eaten by consumers. It includes all the activities related to shopping, meal planning, cooking, and dining. This stage is influenced by cultural preferences, dietary needs, convenience, and economic factors.

Fruits and vegetables on a wooden shelf in store. A chalk board sign says "certified organic". Photo by Kenny Eliason on Unsplash

Stage 5: Disposal

Five stages of the food system. Arrow is pointing to disposal. Image by Adeesha Hack via Genially

The final stage, disposal, involves what happens to food that isn’t consumed. Food can be wasted at any part of the food system: at farming, in factories, during transportation, and in your home.

Fruit decomposing on ground. Photo by Joshua Hoehne on Unsplash

Did you know?

"In 2022 there were 1.05 billion tonnes of food waste generated (including inedible parts), amounting to 132 kilograms per capita and almost one-fifth of all food available to consumers. Out of the total food wasted in 2022, 60% happened at the household level, with food services responsible for 28% and retail 12%."

Quiz: Put the Steps in Order

Three glass bottles of milk on the ground. Image from Unsplash

The following steps are an example of how milk moves through the food system. However, the steps aren't in the correct order of the stages of the food system.

  1. Consumers purchase milk and bring it home.

  2. Cows are raised on farms, where they are milked regularly.

  3. The raw milk is transported to a facility to be "pasteurized" (heating the milk to kill harmful bacteria), "homogenized" (to ensure the milk has a uniform texture), and packaged.

  4. Unused/spoiled milk is thrown away.

  5. The processed and packaged milk is distributed to food stores.

Quiz

What is the correct order of the steps, according to the stages of food system.

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